folding jib crane Safety Certifications
Folding jib cranes, essential in industries for lifting and transporting materials, must adhere to rigorous safety certifications to ensure safe and efficient operations. Key safety standards and certifications for these cranes include:
1. OSHA Compliance: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) establishes guidelines and regulations (29 CFR 1910 and 29 CFR 1926) for crane operations in the workplace, ensuring adequate safety measures are in place.
2. ASME B30 Standards: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) B30 standards, particularly B30.2 and B30.5, provide comprehensive guidelines for the construction, operation, inspection, and maintenance of cranes to ensure safety and performance.
3. ANSI/ASSP A10.28: This standard provides safety requirements for the use of cranes in construction and demolition operations, emphasizing proper procedures, training, and hazard assessments.
4. EN 13000: This European standard specifies safety requirements for mobile cranes, including design, calculations, and stability criteria aimed at preventing accidents.
5. ISO 4301-1: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) sets forth classifications for crane type, usage conditions, and performance, aiding manufacturers in designing safe and reliable equipment.
6. CSA Z150: The Canadian Standards Association (CSA) provides standards for mobile cranes, emphasizing safety in design, manufacturing, operation, maintenance, and inspection.
7. LOLER (Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations): In the UK, LOLER regulations mandate that lifting equipment, including cranes, must be strong, stable, properly installed, and used safely while undergoing regular thorough examinations.
Manufacturers and operators must adhere to these certifications and standards, ensuring cranes are equipped with safety features like overload protection, proper signage, and regular inspection protocols. Proper training and adherence to these regulations mitigate risks, enhancing workplace safety and crane efficiency.
List Reference Technical Parameters of “folding jib crane”
Sure, here are the reference technical parameters for a folding jib crane, summarized within the 300-word limit:
1. Lifting Capacity:
– Typically ranges from 100 kg to several tonnes, depending on design specifications.
2. Jib Length:
– Commonly extends up to 6 meters, with variations based on specific requirements.
3. Lifting Height:
– Can reach from 2 meters to 10 meters, based on operational needs.
4. Rotation:
– Manual or motorized rotation with angles usually up to 360 degrees.
5. Lifting Speed:
– Often between 4 to 8 meters per minute, adjustable according to load and application.
6. Power Supply:
– Typically 380V/50Hz for industrial applications, with variations for different regions.
7. Motor Power:
– Varies from 1 kW to 5 kW depending on the crane size and lifting capacity.
8. Cycles per Hour:
– Designed to operate efficiently up to 60 cycles per hour.
9. Operating Environment:
– Suitable for operating temperatures typically between -20°C and 40°C.
10. Mounting Options:
– Wall-mounted or floor-mounted configurations to suit different space constraints.
11. Control System:
– Manual, pendant control, or remote control options for ease and safety of operation.
12. Safety Features:
– Includes overload protection, emergency stop, and limit switches for maximum safety.
13. Material:
– Constructed from high-tensile steel or alloy for durability and structural integrity.
14. Duty Cycle:
– Designed for medium to heavy-duty cycles, appropriate for frequent operational use.
15. Compliance:
– Adheres to global standards such as ISO, CE, and OSHA for performance and safety.
These parameters are essential for selecting, designing, and implementing a folding jib crane tailored to specific industrial tasks and environments.
List Product features of “folding jib crane”
A folding jib crane is a versatile and efficient lifting device suited for a variety of industrial applications. Here are its key product features:
1. Compact Design: The crane’s folding mechanism allows for easy storage and minimal space usage when not in operation, making it ideal for limited space environments.
2. Adjustable Boom: Many folding jib cranes feature an adjustable boom, offering flexibility in lifting heights and reach to accommodate different tasks and workspaces.
3. High Load Capacity: Despite its compact form, a folding jib crane can handle substantial loads, typically ranging from a few hundred kilograms to several tons, depending on the model.
4. Ease of Installation: Designed for straightforward installation, these cranes often require minimal mounting infrastructure and can be quickly set up or relocated as needed.
5. Rotational Movement: The jib arm can usually rotate to a significant degree, often up to 360 degrees, providing extensive coverage area for lifting operations.
6. Durability: Constructed from robust materials such as high-grade steel, folding jib cranes are designed to withstand heavy-duty use and resist wear and tear, ensuring long-term reliability.
7. User-Friendly Operation: Equipped with intuitive controls and ergonomic designs, these cranes allow operators to perform lifting tasks with ease and precision.
8. Safety Features: Incorporates safety mechanisms such as load limiters, emergency stop functions, and secure locking systems to ensure safe operations.
9. Customizability: Options for customization include different mounting styles (wall-mounted, floor-mounted), power sources (manual, electric), and additional accessories to tailor the crane to specific needs.
10. Low Maintenance: Engineered for long service intervals, folding jib cranes typically require minimal maintenance, reducing downtime and operational costs.
11. Enhanced Mobility: Some models come with wheels or can be mounted on mobile bases, adding to their mobility and flexibility across various job sites.
12. Cost-Efficient: Combining high performance with low operational costs, folding jib cranes offer an economical solution for material handling needs.
In summary, a folding jib crane is an efficient, flexible, and durable lifting solution with a suite of features designed to enhance productivity and safety in industrial environments.
List Various Types of “folding jib crane”
Folding jib cranes are versatile lifting devices commonly used in various industrial and construction applications. Here are several types:
Manual Folding Jib Crane
1. Wall-Mounted Folding Jib Crane
– These cranes are mounted directly to a wall or vertical column. They are ideal for small areas and provide a wide range of motion within a specific radius.
2. Floor-Mounted Folding Jib Crane
– These cranes are installed directly into the floor, allowing them to handle heavier loads. They offer better stability and can be used in larger spaces.
Electric Folding Jib Crane
1. Articulating Folding Jib Crane
– This type of crane has an additional arm that allows it to articulate, providing greater flexibility and reach. Often used for complex area coverage where a standard jib crane might not suffice.
2. Portable Folding Jib Crane
– These models come with a mobile base and are designed to be moved easily across different locations within a facility. They offer the same flexibility as fixed cranes but add the benefit of mobility.
Customized Folding Jib Crane
1. Low-Headroom Folding Jib Crane
– Specifically designed for spaces where headroom is a constraint. These cranes allow for operation in compact spaces without compromising on load capacity.
2. Heavy-Duty Folding Jib Crane
– Built to handle exceptionally heavy loads, these cranes are reinforced and often used in construction and heavy industrial applications.
Telescoping Arm Folding Jib Crane
1. Telescoping Folding Jib Crane
– Equipped with telescoping arms, these cranes offer variable length adjustments, making them ideal for applications requiring different reach capabilities.
Choosing the right type of folding jib crane depends on factors like load capacity, range of motion, installation environment, and specific operational needs. Each type offers unique features tailored to different industrial demands.
List Application of “folding jib crane”
A folding jib crane is a versatile lifting device used in various industrial applications for material handling. Its design allows for easy maneuverability and efficient use of space, making it ideal for specific tasks where traditional cranes might be too cumbersome. Here are some key applications:
1. Loading and Unloading: Folding jib cranes are employed in docking areas and shipping sectors to load and unload cargo onto trucks, ships, and trains. Their compact design allows them to be positioned in tight spaces.
2. Warehouse Operations: In warehouses, these cranes facilitate the handling of heavy items, reducing manual labor and increasing operational efficiency. They are used for lifting and moving pallets, machinery, and large goods.
3. Manufacturing Facilities: Within manufacturing plants, folding jib cranes assist in the assembly lines by moving components to different stages of production. This ensures a smooth workflow and minimizes downtime.
4. Automotive Industry: In car manufacturing and repair shops, these cranes handle parts like engines, transmissions, and large body components. Their precision and ease of use are critical in such detailed work.
5. Construction Sites: Folding jib cranes are used for lifting and placing materials such as steel beams, concrete blocks, and construction equipment. Their mobility is particularly useful for tasks that require frequent repositioning.
6. Maintenance and Repair: In maintenance tasks, both industrial and residential, folding jib cranes help lift heavy or awkward items such as HVAC units, industrial machinery, and building materials.
7. Marine Industry: They are utilized in shipyards and marinas for lifting supplies, equipment, and even rescue operations. Their compact form factor is advantageous on crowded docks.
8. Energy Sector: In the installation and maintenance of energy systems like wind turbines and solar panels, folding jib cranes provide the necessary support to lift and maneuver heavy components.
Overall, folding jib cranes are invaluable in scenarios that require flexibility, precision, and efficient use of space.
List Buyer Types of “folding jib crane”
When it comes to folding jib cranes, various buyer types have specific needs that make this type of crane an ideal choice. Here’s a list of potential buyer types:
1. Manufacturing Facilities: These buyers use folding jib cranes to handle assembly lines, machine shops, and production areas, allowing for efficient material handling and component placement.
2. Warehouses and Distribution Centers: These facilities utilize folding jib cranes to move and position goods within storage areas, facilitating quick loading and unloading processes.
3. Construction Companies: Folding jib cranes are frequently used on construction sites to lift and position building materials. Their compact design and ability to fold make them ideal for sites where space is limited.
4. Automotive Workshops: In automotive repair and maintenance facilities, folding jib cranes help in lifting engines, transmissions, and other heavy parts with precision and ease.
5. Marine and Shipbuilding Industry: Folding jib cranes are used for materials handling and maintenance in shipyards due to their maneuverability and ability to work in confined spaces.
6. Aerospace Sector: These buyers employ folding jib cranes for the precise handling of components and materials in aircraft manufacturing and maintenance operations.
7. Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs): Many SMEs in various industries prefer folding jib cranes because of their cost-effectiveness, versatility, and space-saving benefits.
8. Maintenance Service Providers: Companies offering maintenance services for industrial equipment find folding jib cranes invaluable for their portability and flexibility in accessing different areas.
9. Logistics Companies: These companies use folding jib cranes for efficient cargo handling in terminals and transfer points.
10. Agricultural Sector: Farmers and agricultural processing facilities utilize folding jib cranes to handle heavy equipment and materials such as crops or livestock feed.
Understanding these buyer types helps in targeting specific market segments and tailoring solutions to meet their unique requirements. This diverse range of applications underscores the versatility and wide acceptance of folding jib cranes across different industries.
List “folding jib crane” Project Types for Different Industries
1. Construction Industry:
Folding jib cranes are prevalent on construction sites where they facilitate the lifting and moving of heavy materials, tools, and equipment. Often used for building skyscrapers, bridges, and other large infrastructures, these cranes excel in maneuvering bulky or oversized components in tight spaces.
2. Maritime Industry:
In shipyards and ports, folding jib cranes aid in the repair, construction, and loading/unloading of ships. They can deftly manage heavy ship components and cargo, making them essential for efficient operations in busy maritime environments.
3. Manufacturing Industry:
Within manufacturing plants, folding jib cranes are integral for assembling products, lifting raw materials, and transporting finished goods. Industries such as automotive, aerospace, and heavy machinery manufacturing particularly benefit from their precision and flexibility.
4. Warehousing and Logistics:
Folding jib cranes enhance material handling efficiency in warehouses by simplifying the movement of goods to and from storage areas, loading docks, or transport vehicles. Their ability to operate in confined spaces makes them suitable for modern, vertically-stacked storage systems.
5. Mining and Oil & Gas Industry:
These cranes are employed for lifting and placing heavy drilling equipment, excavation machinery, or mined materials. Their robust construction suits harsh operational environments, ensuring reliability in demanding conditions such as offshore oil rigs or underground mines.
6. Railway Industry:
In rail yards and maintenance facilities, folding jib cranes assist in handling rail components, like wheels and engine parts, aiding in both assembly and repair activities. Their compact, collapsible design is optimal for the constrained spaces typically found along rail lines.
7. Renewable Energy:
For wind farms and solar power installations, folding jib cranes are essential for erecting wind turbines or solar panels. They provide the necessary reach and load-bearing capacity to manage large, heavy components involved in green energy projects.
8. Aviation Industry:
In aircraft maintenance hangars, folding jib cranes lift and move aircraft parts such as engines, landing gear, and large sections of the fuselage. Their precision is critical in ensuring safe and efficient maintenance tasks.
Folding jib cranes cater to diverse industry needs, offering flexibility, space efficiency, and robust handling capabilities, proving their versatility and indispensability in heavy-lifting scenarios.
folding jib crane Accessories Upgrades and Custom Manufacturing Options
Folding jib cranes offer remarkable versatility for material handling, and several accessories, upgrades, and custom manufacturing options can further enhance their performance and adaptability.
Accessories:
1. Electric Hoists: Upgrade manual lifting to electric motors for increased speed and reduced labor effort.
2. Swivel Hooks: Provide a range of motion, allowing for precise positioning of loads.
3. Radio Remote Controls: Enable crane operation from a distance, enhancing safety and efficiency.
4. Load Limiters: Prevent overloading for improved safety and compliance with regulations.
5. Trolley Systems: Enhance mobility along the jib arm, allowing for smooth transportation of loads.
Upgrades:
1. Motorized Rotation: Convert manual jib arm rotation to motorized, facilitating easier maneuvering, especially with heavier loads.
2. Variable Speed Drives: Allow operators to adjust lifting speeds according to specific task requirements.
3. Height Adjustability: Add telescopic features for versatile height configurations, suitable for varying operational needs.
4. Corrosion-Resistant Coatings: Prolong crane lifespan in harsh or outdoor environments.
5. Advanced Safety Systems: Integrate sensors, alarms, and shutdown mechanisms to prevent accidents.
Custom Manufacturing Options:
1. Tailored Load Capacities: Design cranes to suit unique load weight requirements, ensuring optimal performance.
2. Specialized Mounting Types: Customize base mounts, whether floor, wall, or workstation layouts, to fit specific space constraints.
3. Extended Reach Options: Customize the jib length to accommodate large working areas.
4. Specific Materials: Use specialized materials like stainless steel for specific industry needs, such as food or pharmaceutical sectors.
5. Custom Paint and Finishes: Match corporate colors or enhance visibility for improved safety and brand alignment.
By incorporating the right accessories, upgrades, and custom manufacturing options, a folding jib crane can be precisely tailored to meet the distinct demands of various applications, thereby maximizing both efficiency and safety.
List Quality Control and The Manufacturing Process of “folding jib crane”
Quality Control in Folding Jib Crane Manufacturing
1. Material Inspection: Ensure all raw materials meet the standard specifications for strength, durability, and performance.
2. Component Testing: Perform non-destructive tests (NDT) on key components like the jib, base, and hydraulic systems to detect cracks or faults.
3. Tolerances and Fit: Use precision measuring tools to verify that dimensions of parts adhere to the design tolerances.
4. Welding and Joint Inspection: Utilize X-ray or ultrasonic testing to confirm the integrity of welds and joints.
5. Assembly Verification: Conduct detailed inspections during assembly to ensure parts fit together accurately and function smoothly.
6. Load Testing: Test the crane with various weights to ensure it can handle the specified load without deformation or failure.
7. Operational Testing: Check all moving parts, controls, and safety mechanisms for correct operation under different conditions.
8. Final Inspection: Perform a comprehensive review of the finished product, including aesthetics, alignment, and performance.
9. Certification and Documentation: Provide necessary certifications and maintain detailed records of inspections and tests.
Manufacturing Process of Folding Jib Crane
1. Design and Engineering: Develop detailed specifications and CAD models, taking into consideration load requirements and safety standards.
2. Material Sourcing: Procure high-grade steel, hydraulic components, and other essential materials from reputable suppliers.
3. Cutting and Shaping: Use CNC machines and laser cutters to shape the raw materials into precise components.
4. Welding and Fabrication: Assemble and weld the components, ensuring the structure’s integrity and strength.
5. Machining: Perform secondary machining operations to ensure parts meet exact specifications.
6. Surface Treatment: Apply anti-corrosion coating and paint to protect the crane from rust and environmental damage.
7. Component Assembly: Assemble the main jib, arm, base, and hydraulic systems, followed by electrical systems and control units.
8. Initial Testing: Conduct preliminary testing to check for operational issues.
9. Quality Check: Perform thorough quality control checks as outlined in the Quality Control section.
10. Packaging and Delivery: Properly package the crane for transportation to ensure it arrives at its destination without damage.
The adherence to rigorous quality control and systematic manufacturing processes ensures the production of reliable and durable folding jib cranes.
How to use “folding jib crane”
A folding jib crane is a versatile lifting device commonly used in workshops, warehouses, and construction sites. Here’s a concise guide on how to use it:
1. Inspection: Before operating, perform a thorough inspection. Check for any visible damages, wear in the jib, hoist, and attachments. Ensure all bolts and fasteners are tight.
2. Positioning: Position the crane on a stable, level surface. Ensure that the folding jib is securely locked in place. If it’s a mobile unit, engage the wheel brakes.
3. Unfolding: Carefully unfold the jib arm. Ensure that all locking pins or mechanisms are securely engaged to avoid accidental collapse.
4. Attaching Load: Attach the load to the hoist using appropriate slings or lifting gear. Ensure the load is balanced and securely fastened. Do not exceed the crane’s weight capacity.
5. Lifting: Operate the hoist to lift the load. Use smooth and steady movements to avoid swinging. Always keep a clear line of sight and communicate with any nearby personnel.
6. Moving Load: If the jib crane has a swing or rotating arm, use it to position the load as needed. Move slowly and steadily, keeping the load as close to the ground as practical.
7. Lowering Load: Once positioned, lower the load gently to its intended location. Ensure that it is stable before detaching the lifting gear.
8. Folding: After use, carefully refold the jib arm and secure it in its stored position. Perform another quick inspection to ensure no components are damaged.
9. Maintenance: Regular maintenance is crucial. Lubricate moving parts, check for wear and tear, and replace damaged components promptly.
Safety is paramount. Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions, use personal protective equipment (PPE), and ensure that only trained personnel operate the crane.
“folding jib crane” Comparative Analysis
A folding jib crane is a versatile lifting device commonly used in various industrial and construction settings. It consists of a vertical mast and a horizontal jib that can fold for easier storage and transportation. Here’s a comparative analysis based on several key criteria:
Design and Mobility
– Standard Jib Cranes: Typically have a fixed arm or jib, making them more rigid but less flexible in terms of storage and transport. They are permanently anchored to a single spot.
– Folding Jib Cranes: Feature a collapsible jib, offering enhanced mobility and storage efficiency. This flexibility makes them suitable for dynamic job sites where space is a constraint.
Installation and Setup
– Standard Jib Cranes: Require a more permanent installation, often involving concrete foundations and complex fastening systems. This installation makes them time-consuming to set up.
– Folding Jib Cranes: Easier to install and dismantle, requiring less labor and time. Their adaptable nature allows for quick set-up and relocation when needed.
Load Capacity and Range of Motion
– Standard Jib Cranes: Generally offer higher load capacities and longer reach. The fixed design ensures stability and can handle heavier loads more efficiently.
– Folding Jib Cranes: Offer a comparable range of motion but typically have a lower load capacity due to their foldable nature. They are ideal for lighter, more frequent tasks.
Cost and Maintenance
– Standard Jib Cranes: Often more expensive upfront due to installation costs and less frequent maintenance needs for their robust design.
– Folding Jib Cranes: May have a lower initial cost and reduced maintenance dues to their modular design. However, frequent movement and folding may lead to faster wear and tear.
Application
– Standard Jib Cranes: Best suited for heavy-duty, long-term projects where the crane remains in a fixed location.
– Folding Jib Cranes: Ideal for temporary sites, workshops, and scenarios where the crane needs to be moved frequently.
Conclusion
Folding jib cranes offer superior flexibility and ease of use, making them perfect for adaptable and temporary applications. Standard jib cranes, while less mobile, provide greater stability and load capacity, suited for long-term, fixed-location projects.
“folding jib crane” Warranty and Support
Warranty and Support for Folding Jib Crane
Warranty:
Our folding jib cranes come with a comprehensive 24-month manufacturer’s warranty from the date of purchase. This warranty covers any defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service. Should your crane exhibit any such defects, we will repair or replace the damaged part(s) at no additional charge. This warranty excludes any damage caused by misuse, unauthorized modifications, improper maintenance, accidents, or natural disasters. Please retain your purchase receipt and serial number to validate your warranty claim.
Support:
We are committed to ensuring the optimal performance and longevity of your folding jib crane. Our dedicated support team is available to assist you with any technical queries, operational guidance, and routine maintenance tips. Technical support can be reached through our helpline, email, or online chat, during our business hours from Monday to Friday. Additionally, we offer an extensive online knowledge base, including manuals, troubleshooting guides, and instructional videos.
For any repairs outside the warranty period, we provide reliable service options at competitive rates. Authorized service centers are located nationwide, ensuring that expert help is always within reach. Regular maintenance schedules and genuine spare parts are recommended to keep your crane in peak condition.
Your satisfaction remains our top priority, and we strive to provide prompt and effective support for all your needs. Contact us today to learn more about our warranty and support services or visit our website to access our resources.
List “folding jib crane” FAQ
## Folding Jib Crane FAQ
What is a Folding Jib Crane?
A folding jib crane is a type of crane with a jib (horizontal arm) that can be folded into a compact form when not in use. This allows for efficient space utilization and easier transportation.
How Does It Operate?
Folding jib cranes operate using a combination of manual or motorized lifting mechanisms. The jib can be extended or retracted as needed to position the load accurately.
Where Are They Typically Used?
These cranes are common in warehouses, workshops, automotive service centers, and manufacturing facilities where space is at a premium and flexible lifting solutions are required.
What Are the Advantages?
1. Space-Saving: The folding design helps save space when the crane is not in use.
2. Versatility: Ideal for multiple lifting applications.
3. Ease of Transportation: Compact form makes it easy to move and install in different locations.
4. Flexibility: Can be used in tight or confined spaces.
What Are the Load Capacities?
Load capacities vary by model, typically ranging from a few hundred kilograms to several tons. Always consult the manufacturer’s specifications for the exact capacity.
Can It Be Customized?
Yes, many manufacturers offer customization options, including different jib lengths, lifting capacities, and mounting styles (wall-mounted, floor-mounted, etc.).
What Safety Features Are Available?
Common safety features include overload protection, emergency stop buttons, and locking mechanisms to secure the jib in place.
How Is Maintenance Performed?
Regular maintenance involves inspecting the jib, lifting mechanisms, and any motorized components for wear and tear. Lubrication and periodic checks ensure long-term reliability and safety.
Are There Any Installation Requirements?
Installation requirements depend on the type of crane and the mounting style. A stable, flat surface and secure mounting points are essential. For motorized cranes, an appropriate power supply is also necessary.
What Standards Govern Their Use?
Folding jib cranes should comply with regional and international standards, such as OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) and ANSI (American National Standards Institute) in the USA. Always check for specific regulations applicable in your area.
Top 10 FAQ with answer about folding jib crane for Buyer Sourcing from China
Sure, here are the top 10 frequently asked questions (FAQ) about sourcing a folding jib crane from China:
1. What is a Folding Jib Crane?
– A folding jib crane is a type of crane featuring a jib arm that can be folded or retracted. It’s designed for lifting and moving loads within a certain radius, commonly used in warehouses, workshops, and shipyards.
2. Why Source Folding Jib Cranes from China?
– China is known for manufacturing high-quality cranes at competitive prices. The country’s advanced manufacturing facilities and large-scale production capabilities ensure cost-effectiveness and quality.
3. What Standards and Certifications Should I Look For?
– Ensure the crane meets international standards such as ISO, CE, and ASME. Check for certifications like SGS, BV, and TUV.
4. What Load Capacities Are Available?
– Folding jib cranes come in various load capacities, typically ranging from 500 kg to 20,000 kg. Clarify your specific needs with the supplier.
5. What Is the Lead Time for Delivery?
– Lead times can vary but usually range from 4 to 8 weeks, depending on the complexity and customization requirements.
6. Can the Crane Be Customized?
– Yes, most manufacturers offer customization options for load capacity, height, arm length, and other specifications to meet your exact needs.
7. What Are the Payment Terms?
– Common payment terms include T/T (Telegraphic Transfer), L/C (Letter of Credit), and sometimes DP (Documents against Payment). Discuss and confirm with your supplier.
8. How Is Shipping Handled?
– Shipping can be arranged either FOB (Free on Board) or CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight). Your supplier or a freight forwarder can assist with logistics.
9. What About After-Sales Support and Warranty?
– After-sales support and warranty typically cover 12 to 24 months. Ensure the supplier provides technical support and has a service network.
10. How Do I Verify the Supplier’s Credibility?
– Verify through trade references, third-party certification bodies, and platforms like Alibaba. Also, consider visiting the factory if possible.
By addressing these questions, buyers can make a well-informed decision when sourcing folding jib cranes from China.