80 ton crane Safety Certifications
Operating an 80-ton crane requires adherence to stringent safety standards and certifications to ensure the safety of operators, other workers, and the public. Below are some key certifications and safety requirements:
1. Operator Certification:
– NCCCO (National Commission for the Certification of Crane Operators): This certification is often mandatory in the U.S. for operators of mobile and tower cranes.
– CPCS (Construction Plant Competence Scheme): Widely recognized in the UK, this certification ensures operators are competent in crane operation.
2. Equipment Certification:
– CE Marking: For cranes operated within the European Economic Area (EEA), indicating compliance with EU safety, health, and environmental requirements.
– ANSI/ASME B30: Standards in the U.S. that ensure the safe design, inspection, and testing of cranes.
3. Inspection and Maintenance:
– Regular third-party inspections: Ensure the crane is in safe working condition, often required annually or bi-annually.
– Daily inspections: Conducted by the operator before usage to check for any immediate hazards or wear-and-tear.
4. Training and Continuing Education:
– OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) standards in the U.S. require ongoing training and certification renewal.
– Familiarity with manufacturer-specific training programs and user manuals.
5. Site Safety Compliance:
– Adherence to site-specific safety programs and risk assessments.
– Rigging and signal person certification: Ensures all personnel involved understand proper load handling and communication protocols.
6. Environmental and Emergency Preparedness:
– Compliance with local environmental regulations.
– Emergency response training for scenarios like load drops or equipment failure.
Ensuring these certifications and protocols are met not only is a legal requirement but also significantly enhances job site safety and operational efficiency.
List Reference Technical Parameters of “80 ton crane”
Certainly! Below are the reference technical parameters for an 80-ton crane, typically used in construction and heavy lifting:
1. Lifting Capacity:
– Maximum Capacity: 80 tons (72,574 kg)
2. Boom Specifications:
– Boom Length: 12 to 48 meters (40 to 157 feet)
– Jib Length: 8 to 18 meters (optional, 26 to 59 feet)
3. Lifting Height:
– Maximum Lifting Height: Approx. 60 meters (with jib extension)
4. Swing Speed:
– Rotation Speed: 1.5-2.0 RPM
5. Mobility:
– Travel Speed: Up to 85 km/h (53 mph – for mobile cranes)
– Gradeability: 35%-40%
6. Dimensions:
– Length: 12 meters
– Width: 2.5 meters
– Height: 3.8 meters
7. Weight:
– Operating Weight: Approx. 40,000 kg
– Counterweight: 15,000-20,000 kg
8. Engine:
– Engine Power: 250-300 kW (335-400 HP)
– Fuel Capacity: 400 liters
9. Winch Performance:
– Line Pull: 8,000-10,000 kg
– Line Speed: 60-120 meters/min
10. Outrigger Spread:
– Fully Extended: 8 meters
– Intermediate: 5 meters
11. Control System:
– Hydraulic System with Multiple Control Modes
– Load Moment Indicator (LMI) for safety
12. Tires:
– All-terrain tires with varying pressure tolerance
13. Safety Features:
– Overload Protection System
– Anti-Two-Block (A2B) Mechanism
14. Operators Cabin:
– Air-Conditioned, Ergonomically designed for comfort
These parameters are indicative and can vary based on the crane’s make, model, and specific application requirements.
Note: Always refer to the manufacturer’s specifications and operational guidelines for precise parameters for a particular crane model.
List Product features of “80 ton crane”
Sure, here is a list of common features for an 80-ton crane:
1. Load Capacity: Can lift up to 80 tons (160,000 lbs), making it suitable for heavy lifting tasks in construction, shipping, and industrial projects.
2. Boom Length: Equipped with a telescopic boom that can extend typically from 30 to 200+ feet, providing flexibility in reach and height.
3. Jib Attachment: Many models come with an optional jib that can extend the reach further, often up to an additional 100 feet.
4. Hydraulic System: Utilizes a sophisticated hydraulic system for smooth and precise lifting operations, providing better control and safety.
5. 360° Rotation: The crane has a full 360-degree rotating capability, allowing for versatile positioning and better maneuverability on site.
6. Stabilizers/Outriggers: Features extendable outriggers for increased stability during operations, ensuring safe lifting even on uneven terrain.
7. Operator Cabin: Ergonomically designed cabin with climate control, adjustable seating, and advanced control systems for operator comfort and efficiency.
8. Safety Features: Comes with safety features such as overload protection systems, emergency stop buttons, anti-two block (A2B) devices, and stabilized load indicators.
9. Transportability: Split configuration for easier transport; the crane can be deconstructed and transported in parts to fit standard road transport regulations.
10. Advanced Technology: May include computerized control systems for monitoring load, angle, and extension, plus telematics for remote diagnostics and performance tracking.
11. Fuel Efficiency: Often powered by fuel-efficient diesel engines that meet the latest emissions standards, reducing operational costs and environmental impact.
12. Versatility: Designed for a variety of applications, including construction, oil and gas, utilities, and maritime industries.
This combination of features makes the 80-ton crane a versatile and powerful tool in a wide range of heavy-lifting scenarios.
List Various Types of “80 ton crane”
Types of 80 Ton Cranes
1. Mobile Cranes:
– Truck-Mounted Cranes: These cranes are mounted on a standard commercial truck, offering great mobility and ease of transportation.
– All-Terrain Cranes: Versatile cranes capable of traveling on both public roads and rough job sites. They combine the roadability of truck cranes and the ruggedness of rough terrain cranes.
2. Rough Terrain Cranes:
– Specifically designed for off-road and rough terrains. They feature large, heavy-duty tires and high ground clearance for maneuverability on uneven surfaces.
3. Crawler Cranes:
– Equipped with continuous tracks instead of wheels, these cranes provide stability and distribute weight over a larger surface area, making them ideal for soft ground and heavy lifting tasks.
4. Tower Cranes:
– Though not typically classified by tonnage, some tower cranes can be configured to lift 80-ton loads. These cranes are often used for constructing tall buildings and are fixed to the ground.
5. Telescopic Boom Cranes:
– These cranes have an extendable boom that can be lengthened or shortened as needed, providing great flexibility and ease of adjustment for various lifting tasks.
6. Knuckle Boom Cranes:
– Also known as articulating cranes, these have a jointed boom designed to operate in confined spaces. The knuckle boom can unfold and extend to perform lifts and then fold into a compact size for transport.
7. Floating Cranes:
– Mounted on a barge or pontoon, these cranes are used for construction and lifting tasks in marine environments, such as bridge building and harbor operations.
Each type of 80-ton crane serves specific applications, offering varied advantages in terms of mobility, stability, and flexibility. The choice of crane depends on the nature of the task, terrain, and job site requirements.
List Application of “80 ton crane”
An 80-ton crane is a powerful and versatile piece of equipment used across various industries for performing heavy lifting and precision tasks. Below are some key applications:
1. Construction Projects: These cranes are essential for lifting and placing heavy materials like steel beams, concrete panels, and construction machinery. They can handle substantial loads, making them invaluable on large-scale construction sites, including high-rise buildings and bridges.
2. Infrastructure Development: In the development and maintenance of infrastructure such as bridges, highways, and railways, 80-ton cranes are used to lift and position large components like beams, girders, and precast concrete sections.
3. Industrial Applications: In manufacturing plants and industrial sites, these cranes assist in moving heavy equipment, machinery, and materials. They play a crucial role in assembly, maintenance, and relocation tasks.
4. Shipping and Logistics: At ports and logistics hubs, 80-ton cranes are employed to lift and move large cargo containers from ships to docks or transport vehicles, ensuring efficient loading and unloading processes.
5. Energy Sector: These cranes are used in the construction and maintenance of wind turbines, lifting heavy components such as nacelles, rotors, and tower sections. They also support activities in the oil and gas industry, such as erecting rigs and maneuvering heavy equipment.
6. Mining Operations: In the mining industry, 80-ton cranes are used to lift and transport heavy machinery and materials, playing a significant role in the setup and maintenance of mining operations.
7. Demolition: For demolition projects, these cranes help dismantle large structures safely and efficiently by handling and removing heavy debris and sections of the building.
8. Power Generation: They are also crucial in power plants for installing, maintaining, and replacing heavy components such as turbines, generators, and transformers.
By facilitating the lifting and maneuvering of heavy loads, 80-ton cranes contribute significantly to efficiency and safety across these domains.
List Buyer Types of “80 ton crane”
The market for an 80-ton crane is diverse, encompassing various industries and applications that require heavy lifting and precise placement of massive loads. Below are the primary buyer types:
1. Construction Companies: These are the most common buyers, using 80-ton cranes for building skyscrapers, bridges, and large infrastructure projects. The cranes offer the necessary lifting capacity and flexibility for heavy materials.
2. Oil and Gas Industry: Companies involved in drilling, pipeline construction, and rig maintenance often require heavy-duty cranes to handle equipment, pipes, and other substantial components.
3. Shipping and Logistics Firms: Ports and logistics companies utilize these cranes to load and unload heavy cargo from ships, ensuring efficient and safe handling of goods.
4. Mining Operations: Mining companies use cranes for transporting heavy equipment, materials, and for assembling large machinery on-site, where traditional methods might not suffice.
5. Manufacturing Plants: Factories and industrial plants, especially those specializing in heavy machinery, steel production, or large-scale manufacturing, need cranes for moving raw materials and finished products.
6. Power and Energy Sector: This includes both renewable energy installations, like wind turbines, and traditional power plants. The cranes are vital for lifting large components like turbines, transformers, and boilers.
7. Rental Companies: Firms that provide construction and industrial equipment on a rental basis frequently purchase 80-ton cranes. This allows smaller companies or those with temporary needs to access this equipment without a significant capital investment.
8. Municipalities and Government Agencies: Local and national governments may require cranes for public works projects, infrastructure maintenance, and disaster response efforts.
These diverse buyer types highlight the versatility and critical importance of 80-ton cranes across numerous sectors, each with unique operational requirements and applications.
List “80 ton crane” Project Types for Different Industries
An 80-ton crane is a versatile piece of equipment used across various industries for heavy lifting and material handling. Here are some common project types where an 80-ton crane is utilized:
Construction
1. Building Erection:
– Lifting steel beams and structural components for high-rise buildings and bridges.
– Installing pre-fabricated concrete panels and roof trusses.
2. Infrastructure Projects:
– Installing large pipes and heavy equipment for water treatment plants.
– Lifting and placing sections of overpasses and highway bridges.
Manufacturing
1. Heavy Machinery Installation:
– Positioning large presses, injection molding machines, and assembly lines in factories.
– Installing HVAC systems, boilers, and other industrial equipment.
Energy
1. Wind Turbine Installation:
– Erecting wind turbine towers and mounting nacelles and blades.
– Performing maintenance tasks on wind energy installations.
2. Oil and Gas:
– Lifting and installing oil rigs and drilling equipment.
– Moving storage tanks, piping, and other large components.
Maritime
1. Shipbuilding and Repair:
– Installing ship engines, large sections of hulls, and deck equipment.
– Assisting with dry dock operations and launching vessels.
2. Port Operations:
– Loading and unloading heavy cargo containers and machinery.
– Moving and positioning cranes and other port infrastructure.
Mining
1. Site Preparation:
– Lifting and assembling large mining equipment like crushers and draglines.
– Transporting heavy materials and machinery within the mining site.
Renewable Energy
1. Solar Farms:
– Positioning large solar panels and supporting structures.
– Installing inverters, transformers, and other heavy electrical equipment.
Aviation
1. Airport Construction:
– Handling large sections of runways and airport structures.
– Installing jet bridges, control towers, and other heavy aeronautical equipment.
Events and Entertainment
1. Concerts and Large Events:
– Building stages, lighting rigs, and large temporary structures.
– Moving and positioning large screens, speakers, and other event equipment.
By serving a wide array of project types, the 80-ton crane is essential for improving efficiency and safety in heavy lifting operations across diverse industries.
80 ton crane Accessories Upgrades and Custom Manufacturing Options
Upgrading and customizing an 80-ton crane can significantly enhance its operational efficiency and versatility. When considering accessories and upgrades, several key options are available:
1. Extended Booms and Jibs: These allow greater reach and height, making it possible to handle tasks in more challenging environments. Telescopic and lattice jibs are popular choices.
2. Load Monitoring Systems: Advanced load moment indicators (LMI) and crane safe load indicators (SLI) improve safety by providing real-time data on load weights and dynamics.
3. Hydraulic Attachments: Adding specialized hydraulic attachments such as clamshell buckets, grapples, or magnets can diversify the crane’s utility, especially in construction and material handling tasks.
4. Remote Control Systems: Wireless or wired remote controls enhance operational safety and precision, enabling operators to maneuver the crane from a safe distance.
5. Anti-collision Systems: Sensors and radar-based systems can help prevent accidents, particularly in complex or crowded work sites.
6. Custom Load Spreader Bars: Designing load spreader bars tailored to specific lifting requirements can ensure balanced and secure lifting of cumbersome loads.
7. Weather Protection Enclosures: Protective and climate-controlled cabins ensure operator comfort and productivity in extreme weather conditions.
8. Enhanced Stabilizers and Outriggers: Customizable stabilizers and outriggers increase base support, ensuring safe operation on uneven or soft terrain.
9. Advanced Hoisting Mechanisms: Upgraded winches and hoists with higher capacities and enhanced speed control offer smoother and safer load lifting and lowering.
10. Specialized Software and Diagnostics: Integrating sophisticated software for diagnostics, maintenance scheduling, and performance analysis can streamline operations and prevent downtime.
Custom manufacturing options enable the tailoring of these accessories to specific project requirements, environmental conditions, and regulatory standards. Partnering with experienced manufacturers ensures that all components meet rigorous safety standards and efficiency goals, ensuring optimal performance for your 80-ton crane.
List Quality Control and The Manufacturing Process of “80 ton crane”
Quality Control Measures in Manufacturing an 80 Ton Crane
1. Material Inspection: Raw materials like steel undergo strict quality checks for strength and durability.
2. Welding Quality Control: Non-destructive tests (NDT) such as Ultrasonic Testing (UT) and Radiographic Testing (RT) ensure weld integrity.
3. Dimensional Accuracy: Precision measurement tools verify that components meet design specifications.
4. Load Testing: Simulated load tests validate the crane’s lifting capacity and structural integrity.
5. Surface Treatment: Coatings are checked for thickness and adherence to prevent corrosion.
6. Hydraulic System Testing: Functional checks for leaks and pressure tests ensure the hydraulic systems operate efficiently.
7. Electrical Systems Test: Verification of control panels, wiring, and safety systems.
8. Final Inspection: A comprehensive inspection covering all aspects of the crane before delivery.
Manufacturing Process of an 80 Ton Crane
1. Design and Engineering: Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is used to draft detailed blueprints and simulate load conditions.
2. Material Procurement: High-grade steel and other materials are sourced, ensuring they meet all required standards.
3. Cutting and Shaping: CNC machines and laser cutters shape the metal components accurately.
4. Welding and Assembly: Certified welders assemble the main frame, jib, and booms with automated welding systems for consistency.
5. Machining: Precision machining processes refine critical parts like gears and shafts.
6. Surface Treatment: Components are cleaned, blasted, and coated with anti-corrosive materials.
7. Hydraulic and Electrical Integration: Installation of hydraulic systems, motors, and electrical wiring, ensuring seamless integration.
8. Load and Function Testing: The assembled crane undergoes rigorous load tests and functional checks to verify operational readiness.
9. Final Assembly and Quality Check: The crane is fully assembled, and a comprehensive quality inspection is conducted.
10. Packaging and Shipping: The crane is packaged securely and transported to the deployment site.
This streamlined process ensures the 80-ton crane meets stringent quality standards and performs reliably in demanding conditions.
How to use “80 ton crane”
Operating an 80-ton crane requires specialized training and adherence to safety protocols. Below are essential steps to use such heavy machinery:
1. Training and Certification: Ensure you are certified and have undergone comprehensive training. Understanding crane operation, safety regulations, and load charts is crucial.
2. Pre-Operation Inspection:
– Check Fluids: Inspect fuel, hydraulic oil, and engine oil levels.
– Inspect Cranes’ Parts: Examine cables, hooks, slings, and the boom for any wear or damage.
– Brakes and Controls: Test the brakes, steering, and all control functions to ensure they are working properly.
3. Site Preparation:
– Survey the Area: Identify potential obstacles and ensure the ground is solid and leveled.
– Set Up Barriers: Erect barriers to keep unauthorized personnel away from the operating area.
4. Stabilizing the Crane:
– Position Outriggers: Deploy outriggers fully and secure them on stable ground or mats.
– Leveling: Ensure the crane is level for safe operation.
5. Load Handling:
– Attach Load Securely: Use appropriate rigging techniques to attach the load securely.
– Refer to Load Charts: Ensure the load does not exceed the capacity for the specific lift configuration.
– Signal Coordination: Use hand signals or radios to maintain clear communication with the rigging team.
6. Lifting the Load:
– Smooth Operation: Lift the load gradually, avoiding any sudden movements.
– Monitor Load Stability: Keep an eye on the load and crane stability throughout the lift.
– Swing Slowly: If rotating the crane, do so slowly to maintain control.
7. Lowering the Load:
– Gradual Descent: Lower the load steadily to the designated spot.
– Unhook with Care: Ensure the load is stable and unhook carefully.
8. Shutting Down:
– Retract Boom and Outriggers: Safely retract the boom and outriggers.
– Turn Off Engine: Secure the crane and check it is left in a safe condition.
Safety is paramount; always follow the manufacturer’s guidelines and safety regulations.
“80 ton crane” Comparative Analysis
A comprehensive comparative analysis of an 80-ton crane involves examining various factors, including load capacity, reach, mobility, versatility, and cost-effectiveness. Below is an evaluation of different types of 80-ton cranes:
1. All-Terrain Cranes:
– Capabilities: Known for high mobility, these cranes can operate both on roads and rough terrains, making them suitable for varied job sites.
– Reach and Range: Typically offer extended boom lengths and multiple telescopic sections, providing impressive reach.
– Versatility: Excellent for construction projects requiring frequent relocations.
– Cost: Higher initial costs and maintenance due to complex mechanisms and advanced technology.
2. Truck-Mounted Cranes:
– Capabilities: Offer good mobility on public roads without the need for special permits, ideal for urban and residential projects.
– Reach and Range: Moderate reach compared to all-terrain cranes, sufficient for moderate lifting tasks.
– Versatility: Highly versatile for varied inline lifting applications, with quick setup times.
– Cost: These tend to be more affordable than all-terrain cranes in terms of initial purchase and maintenance.
3. Crawlers Cranes:
– Capabilities: Exceptional stability and lifting capability, especially on soft ground or uneven surfaces.
– Reach and Range: Often feature long booms but may require assembly, influencing setup time.
– Versatility: Less mobile than truck-mounted or all-terrain cranes, but well-suited for extended and large-scale projects requiring heavy lifting.
– Cost: Costly due to their size, weight, and transportation needs.
4. Rough Terrain Cranes:
– Capabilities: Designed for off-road applications, providing robust performance in challenging site conditions.
– Reach and Range: Good reach with strong lifting capacity suited for rugged environments.
– Versatility: Limited to job sites since they are not road-legal.
– Cost: More affordable than all-terrain cranes but can be expensive in terms of maintenance due to intense operating conditions.
Conclusion: An 80-ton crane is a versatile asset across various job sites. The specific choice among all-terrain, truck-mounted, crawler, or rough terrain cranes depends on site conditions, required mobility, reach, and budget constraints. Each type offers unique advantages tailored to different lifting scenarios.
“80 ton crane” Warranty and Support
When purchasing an 80-ton crane, understanding the warranty and support options is crucial to ensure continued performance and value. Typically, manufacturers offer a standard warranty period ranging from one to three years. This warranty generally covers defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and maintenance. Some manufacturers may also provide extended warranty options for an additional fee, which could offer coverage for an extended period or include more comprehensive protection.
Support packages often include routine maintenance services, emergency repair services, and access to technical support. Many manufacturers have 24/7 customer service lines to troubleshoot issues, provide guidance, and arrange for on-site repairs if needed. Additionally, some companies offer online portals where you can access manuals, service records, and other documentation.
It’s crucial to stay compliant with the manufacturer’s recommended maintenance schedule, as failure to do so can void the warranty. Always keep detailed records of any repairs or maintenance performed on the crane to ensure that you can provide evidence of proper upkeep.
Some manufacturers also offer training programs as part of their support services. These programs can be invaluable for ensuring that your operators and maintenance personnel are adequately trained to operate and maintain the crane safely and efficiently.
When evaluating warranty and support options, consider the reputation of the manufacturer, the availability of spare parts, and the quality of customer service. Investing in a well-supported product can save significant costs and downtime in the long term. Always read the fine print carefully to understand what is and isn’t covered.
In summary, an 80-ton crane should come with a robust warranty and a comprehensive support package to ensure it meets your operational needs reliably. Always verify the details directly with the manufacturer or authorized dealer to make an informed decision.
List “80 ton crane” FAQ
Certainly! Below are frequently asked questions (FAQ) regarding an 80-ton crane, presented concisely:
80-Ton Crane FAQ
1. What is an 80-ton crane?
An 80-ton crane is a mobile or fixed crane capable of lifting loads up to 80 tons (160,000 pounds). These cranes are used in construction, shipping, and various industrial applications.
2. What types of 80-ton cranes are available?
There are several types, including:
– Mobile Cranes: Versatile with wheeled or tracked mobility.
– Crawler Cranes: Mounted on tracks for stability and rough terrain.
– All-Terrain Cranes: Suitable for off-road and urban environments.
– Telescopic Cranes: Have extendable booms for variable heights.
3. What is the maximum lifting height?
The maximum lifting height varies by model but typically ranges between 150 to 200 feet with the main boom. Extensions (jibs) can achieve greater heights.
4. What is the reach of an 80-ton crane?
Maximum reach usually falls between 100 to 150 feet, depending on the model and configuration.
5. What are the power sources?
Most 80-ton cranes are powered by diesel engines, although some modern models may use electricity or hybrid systems.
6. What are the operational costs?
Operational costs include fuel, maintenance, operator wages, and insurance. Costs vary based on usage, region, and specific crane models.
7. How do you transport an 80-ton crane?
Most 80-ton cranes, especially mobile types, can travel on roads. For long-distance or international transport, dismantled parts may be shipped via trucks or cargo carriers.
8. What safety measures are essential?
Key safety measures include regular inspections, operator training and certification, adherence to load charts, and utilizing stabilizers or outriggers.
9. Do I need a special license to operate an 80-ton crane?
Yes, operators typically need specific certifications and licenses, which vary by country and region. Compliance with local regulations is mandatory.
10. What is the rental cost?
Rental costs depend on duration, crane type, and additional services. Rates can range from $1,000 to $3,000 per day.
This FAQ aims to provide quick and essential information about 80-ton cranes. For detailed specifications and guidance, consulting with manufacturers or service providers is recommended.
Top 10 FAQ with answer about 80 ton crane for Buyer Sourcing from China
Sure! Here are the top 10 FAQs with answers for buyers sourcing an 80-ton crane from China:
1. What is the delivery time for an 80-ton crane?
– Answer: Typically, delivery takes 6-12 weeks depending on the manufacturer and customization requirements. Always confirm with the supplier.
2. What is the cost of an 80-ton crane from China?
– Answer: Prices vary widely from $100,000 to $500,000 based on features, brand, and specifications. Obtain multiple quotes to ensure competitive pricing.
3. What certifications should the 80-ton crane have?
– Answer: Ensuring the crane has certifications such as ISO, CE, and specific lifting equipment standards (e.g., API, ASME) is crucial for safety and compliance.
4. What is the warranty period typically offered by Chinese manufacturers?
– Answer: Warranties usually range from 1 to 2 years. Check if parts and labor are included and the conditions for the warranty to remain valid.
5. How is after-sales service managed?
– Answer: Most reputable manufacturers have local support or partnerships in various countries. Verify the after-sales service agreement, including availability of spare parts.
6. What customization options are available?
– Answer: Customization can include boom length, control systems, mobility features, and safety mechanisms. Discuss specific needs with the supplier.
7. How are the payment terms structured?
– Answer: Common payment terms include 30% advance and 70% before shipment. Sometimes letters of credit (L/C) are used for financial security.
8. What kind of support is provided during installation?
– Answer: Manufacturers often provide manuals, on-site installation support, or remote guidance. Confirm these services before purchase.
9. Are there any additional costs to consider?
– Answer: Consider shipping, taxes, import duties, insurance, and installation costs. Get a comprehensive cost breakdown from suppliers.
10. Can we visit the factory before purchasing?
– Answer: Most manufacturers welcome factory visits. It’s a great way to verify quality and manufacturing practices. Arrange visits through your supplier.
These FAQs should give you a well-rounded understanding of the crucial aspects to consider when sourcing an 80-ton crane from China.
